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Sebastiano's Rome
Flagellation of Christ
c. 1521, Sebastiano
del Piombo
Church of San Pietro in Montorio
In a letter attempting to explain his difficulties with a
commissioned altarpiece, Rubens complained of a "perversi lumi." Bad light
pervades the churches of Rome, yet sometimes it can be more of a blessing than
a curse. Discovering a great painting all by oneself is a thrill that is hard
to come by nowadays. Usually, the great paintings are thrown at us,
overpresented and overlit, but a few are still somewhat hidden in their
original settings, awaiting discovery. What light there is in these Roman
churches has been mismanaged over the centuries, diminished by careless
renovations. Not surprisingly, the Church of San Pietro in Montorio, just such
a dark case, made for a perfect discovery. Pushing my son's stroller over a
worn stone floor, I looked up into a reveal to catch a poorly defined aura, the
afterglow of what had to be a special painting.
A late-winter afternoon in Rome is not the best time to
stalk sixteenth-century church painting. It's very hard to find your prey. But that
afternoon I did flush a great painting out of the Janiculum's shadow. I had no
idea of its source. It looked like a Renaissance painting, but it easily could
have been a copy, like the compositionally striking Caravaggio I had seen a few
days before at the Palazzo Corsini, a fantastic Narcissus, easily the highlight
of the collection. I had been very disappointed when my wife read the label of
the Narcissus to me--a "copy after Caravaggio." I went into a deep sulk,
wondering why I couldn't tell an original from a copy and why this copy was so
good, because even confronted by its lack of authenticity, I still wanted it.
To me it was a hot painting from the moment I saw it, maybe the hottest cool
painting I had ever seen.
The painting in San Pietro in Montorio didn't have the boxy
modernism of the Narcissus, but it did have a special kind of in-your-face
classicism. It was an over-the-altar painting with mural power, one with "a
tiger in its tank." My first guess was a conservative one, maybe after Giulio
Romano; my second guess was, "I just don't know." I was surprised by the
attribution to Sebastiano del Piombo, but not by the title, The Flagellation;
the darkness was not so great that I couldn't make out the action.
Three months later I was there, again late in the afternoon,
when the painting was perfectly lit, the seasonal angle of the sun being now in
my favor. Sebastiano's painting was beautiful, inventive, and expansive. The
beauty was all Sebastiano's, brought out by his Venetian gift for full-scale
color, intensely articulated and swirling across the canvas from side to side
and from top to bottom. Beauty brought out also by his paint-handling and
form-building skills, so evident that Michelangelo, in Sidney Freedberg's
words, had no reservations about selecting Sebastiano as his deputy in what
amounted to a Medici-driven painting contest with Raphael.
The inventiveness in the painting owes something to
Michelangelo's design, which allowed Sebastiano to run wild with a full-blown
painterly classicism tinged opportunely with an innate piety. Painterly,
pietistic classicism may sound strange, perhaps even at odds with itself, but
it is a quality that really counted for a lot in the following hundred years of
painting.
Finally, The
Flagellation has a convincing expansiveness, an ability to make narrative
action and gesture fill the pictorial boundaries to the point that they seem to
swell and and bow out the framing edges. In a similar way, Sebastiano's work
pushes painting itself beyond the confines of the sixteenth century into the seventeenth
century. It is clear, too, that it was Sebastiano's brand of Roman painterly
classicism that helped make the expansion so fluid and so far-reaching. He
easily caught the attention of Caravaggio and Rubens, as we can see by their
magnificent versions of the Flagellation. Certainly, this power-enhanced sixteenth-century Roman art had no trouble beaming itself out all over Italy and
across Europe, led, for example, by Sebastiano's Flagellation to Naples and
Antwerp. And it's equally certain that any painter, having seen the Roman
light, perversi lumi as it could often be, was bound to follow its path all
over Italy, and all across Europe, as the history of Western painting so
clearly attests.
Frank
Stella
Artist
POSTED BY Robert Kahn on June 16th 2010 |
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